Setting up a biomodeling, virtual planning, and three-dimensional printing service in Uruguay.

Virtual surgical planning and three-dimensional (D) printing are rapidly becoming essential for challenging and complex surgeries around the world. An Ibero-American survey reported a lack of awareness of technology benefits and scarce financial resources as the two main barriers to widespread adoption of 3-D technologies. The Pereira Rossell Hospital Center is a publicly funded maternal and pediatric academic clinical center in Uruguay, a low-resource Latin American country, that successfully created and has been running a 3-D unit for 4 years. The present work is a step-by-step review of the 3-D technology implementation process in a hospital with minimal financial investment. References to training, software, hardware, and the management of human resources are included. Difficulties throughout the process and future challenges are also discussed.

Pulmonary imaging in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a series of 140 Latin American children.

BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which resulted in the worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic of 2020, has particularly affected Latin America. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to analyze the imaging findings of pulmonary COVID-19 in a large pediatric series. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by either quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal swabs or presence of circulating immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and who underwent chest radiograph or CT or both were included in this retrospective multicenter study. Three pediatric radiologists independently reviewed radiographs and CTs to identify the presence, localization, distribution and extension of pulmonary lesions. RESULTS: We included 140 children (71 female; median age 6.3 years, interquartile range 1.6-12.1 years) in the study. Peribronchial thickening (93%), ground-glass opacities (79%) and vascular engorgement (63%) were the most frequent findings on 131 radiographs. Ground-glass opacities (91%), vascular engorgement (84%) and peribronchial thickening (72%) were the most frequent findings on 32 CTs. Peribronchial thickening (100%), ground-glass opacities (83%) and pulmonary vascular engorgement (79%) were common radiograph findings in asymptomatic children (n=25). Ground-glass opacity and consolidation were significantly higher in children who needed intensive care admission or died (92% and 48%), in contrast with children with a favorable outcome (71% and 24%, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic children and those with mild symptoms of COVID-19 showed mainly peribronchial thickening, ground-glass opacities and pulmonary vascular engorgement on radiographs. Ground-glass opacity and consolidation were more common in children who required intensive care admission or died.

Modelo experimental en cerdo recién nacido para el estudio y entrenamiento en ultrasonografía pulmonar del niño crítico / Experimental newborn piglet model for studying and training lung ultrasound in critically ill children

Introducción: la ultrasonografía pulmonar en el paciente crítico (LUCI) ha generado creciente interés en el escenario de los cuidados intensivos. Los modelos animales son herramientas útiles para facilitar el aprendizaje y entrenamiento de los profesionales que la practican. Presentamos el desarrollo de un modelo animal para el estudio y entrenamiento de LUCI en niños críticos. Material y métodos: se utilizó un cerdo recién nacido al que se realizó anestesia, traqueostomía, intubación traqueal y ventilación mecánica (VM) con monitorización convencional. Se aplicaron diferentes niveles de presión telespiratoria (PEEP), se produjo neumotórax y derrame pleural mediante colocación de drenaje en tórax e introducción de aire y suero respectivamente. Se realizó ultrasonografía con transductor lineal de 4-8 MHz. Previo al experimento 12 profesionales recibieron un curso introductorio sobre LUCI dictado por un radiólogo, para luego observar las diferentes secuencias y practicar LUCI con el animal. Resultados: se obtuvieron imágenes de secuencias pulmonares básicas y sus signos característicos: aireación pulmonar normal en VM basal, confirmación de intubación, sobredistensión y colapso pulmonar, neumotórax y derrame pleural. Todos los participantes encontraron a la experiencia positiva y pudieron identificar las diferentes secuencias ultrasonográficas programadas. Conclusiones: el modelo animal que se presenta permitiría el entrenamiento en LUCI de los profesionales que atienden niños críticos. Asimismo, esto posibilitaría el desarrollo de investigación en patología respiratoria pediátrica.

Background: lung ultrasound in the critically ill (LUCI) has generated growing interest in the intensive care scenario. Animal models are useful tools for training professionals in its practice. We present an animal model designed for studying and training in LUCI for critically ill children. Method: a newborn piglet was anesthetized, traqueostomized, intubated and mechanically ventilated (MV) with conventional monitoring. Different levels of PEEP were applied, and pneumothorax and pleural effusion were produced by the insertion of a thoracic drainage and instillation of air and a saline solution. Lung ultrasound was performed by using a 4-8 MHz linear probe. Prior to the experiment, 12 trainees with no previous experience attended a theoretical course on basic LUCI delivered by a radiologist. Subsequently, they visualized and practiced LUCI in the animal model. Results: basic lung ultrasound sequences were obtained, where their typical signs could be seen: normal lung ventilation during standard MV, confirmation of endotracheal tube position, lung overdistension and collapse, pneumothorax and pleural effusion. All trainees found the experience was positive and could identify every sonographic sequence. Conclusions: the animal model presented in the study could allow professionals caring for critically ill children to receive training in LUCI. Likewise, it could allow the development of research in pediatric respiratory pathology.